Physicians do their job as the patients’ perfect agents as well as they can manipulate their patients’ DEMANDs for healthcare services. This line of reasoning drives from the PHYSICIAN-INDUCED DEMAND (PID) which leads to create additional DEMANDs of these services for patients unnecessarily. Under the PID hypothesis, physicians (suppliers) influence patients’ DEMANDs to suit their own interests. The research relies on mixed methods research synthesis (MMRS) that integrates both qualitative and quantitative evidences as well as it is conducted through using thematic analysis method and decision making models. According to findings of the research, the most obvious factors affecting physicians’ behaviors in occurring induced DEMAND for healthcare services include expectations of physicians to activate other medical sections, physicians' authority in patients' compliance, insufficient supervision over physician prescribing practices (irrational prescriptions), physicians' independency of insurance contracts and physician's tendency to provide inappropriate healthcare services for the patient in the public sector. Results of the research reveals that the implementation of a wellfunctioning referral system to healthcare provision on Iranian (rural) family physician is determined as a major goal to impede physicianinduced DEMAND. In this regard, clinical guidelines for family physicians which are mandatory should be developed. Hence, it is suggested that a permanent legislation on “ the establishment of a comprehensive system for health services” (electronic health record system) is approved.

In spite of the previous literature of DEMAND for money in Iran, which is based on macroeconomic framework, this paper takes a microeconomic approach and investigates the incomes and price - using cost – elasticities of the DEMAND for monetary assets based on a nonlinear DEMAND system. The data covers from 1989 to 2005. The model is specified as a dynamic system to take account of institutional constraints and the dynamic nature of the assets markets. The conclusion is that user cost elasticities of the monetary assets with longer maturities is significantly greater than those of shorter periods. The interesting finding, however, coming from a sensitivity analysis implies that the interest elasticities of the DEMAND for monetary assets are almost zero. In addition, it seems that fluctuations in the elasticities may be directly come from real sector's fluctuations, as happened in 1995 and 1997. Due to the fact that the estimated elasticities depends poorly on the interest rates, it seems that some appropriate noninterest rate based policies such as controlling inflation organizing and structuring financial markets may significantly alter the using cost, which in turn may result change the DEMAND for monetary assets as well.

There are different models which are used in analyzing energy DEMAND. Some of them are designed only' for analyzing energy DEMAND, while some others are not designed specifically for this purpose, but are used in the analyses. Structural and non-structural econometric models and end use models are the main models for analyzing energy DEMAND. Model for Energy DEMAND Evaluation (MEDEE) is one of the famous end use models which are used only for analyzing energy DEMAND. Stun linear expenditure system, trans log DEMAND system, the constant elasticity DEMAND system, Rotterdam DEMAND system, almost ideal DEMAND system, autoregressive process, moving average process, autoregressive moving average process, autoregressive integrated moving average process, vector autoregressive model and vector error correction models; are some of the famous structural and non-structural econometric models which are used in analyzing energy DEMAND.In this paper, among the above models, vector error correction model (VECM) because of its unique characteristics has been used for dynamic analysis of energy DEMAND in Iran. In this regard three separate models for studying DEMAND for oil products, electricity and natural gas have been formulated. Using Eviews and Microfit software and time series of RGDP, real price of energy carriers and physical value of DEMAND for energy carriers in 1959-2004, the formulated vector error correction model has been estimated. The Johansen method shows that there is one co integration vector between the variables entered in the models of DEMAND for oil - products and electricity; but there is no dynamic long - run equilibrium relationship in the VECM of natural gas. In the VECM of oil products, all estimated coefficients are statistically significant, and the error correction term has the correct sign. In this model, the adjustment speed of deviation from the equilibrium relationship is slow. According to coefficients in the VECM of electricity, the long run price and income elasticity of DEMAND for electricity are - 0.86 and 1.84, respectively. It is worth mentioning that in this research by short run we mean periods less than one year, and long run refers to periods more than one year until there will be no structural change in relations among variables.

In recent years, extensive researches have been conducted on implementation of DEMAND response programs (DRPs), aimed to electricity price reduction, transmission lines congestion resolving, security enhancement and improvement of market liquidity. Basically, DRPs are divided into two main categories namely, incentive-based programs (IBPs) and time-based rate programs (TBRPs). An economic model of price /incentive DEMAND response is derived based on the concept of flexible price elasticity of DEMAND and customer utility function. in this paper has been shown that the customers’DEMAND depends on different decision signals like the electricity price, participation level of customers, incentive and the penalty values determined for DRPs. By using the proposed economic model, the behavior of customers for different electricity prices, incentives, penalties and participation level of customers in DRPs was simulated with MATLAB. Then the performance of the proposed model was investigated through numerical study using Iranian network load profile on the annual peak day of the year 2007.

Consumption of dairy products in terms of the health and economic terms is very important. The analysis of consumer behavior can help to take policies consistent and correct in this regard. In this study the DEMAND for milk, yogurt and cheese was estimated by using time series data related to 1984-2009 in the framework of the idea of an almost ideal DEMAND system. The results showed that all of own-price elasticity is negative. The elasticity of milk and cheese are low but the yoghurt elasticity is high. All the income elasticities are positive, and the calculation of Allen elasticity showed that there are a substitution relationship between “milk and yogurt” and “yogurt and cheese” and complementary relationship between “milk and cheese”.